Horizon Season 1999 Episode 11 Volcanoes of the Deep

The episode Volcanoes of the Deep from season 1999 of Horizon explores the mysterious world of underwater volcanoes, known as hydrothermal vents. The episode takes viewers on a journey to the depths of the ocean floor, where these vents spew out superheated water and minerals that support a unique ecosystem of creatures that are able to survive in an environment that was previously thought to be devoid of life.

Through interviews with leading scientists and stunning footage of the underwater landscape, viewers learn how hydrothermal vent ecosystems work and how they have challenged what we know about life on Earth. The episode explores the discovery of hydrothermal vents in the 1980s and follows the subsequent scientific expeditions that have studied the creatures that inhabit them.

The episode introduces the viewer to the pioneers of hydrothermal vent research, including scientists who developed the now-commonplace tools and techniques used to study these vents. The challenges of studying such a remote and inaccessible environment are highlighted throughout the episode, from the difficulties of reaching the vents deep beneath the ocean floor to the difficulties of collecting samples from an environment so hostile to traditional research methods.

The episode also delves into the surprising discoveries made by scientists studying hydrothermal vents, such as the remarkable abilities of vent-dwelling animals to survive in such a harsh environment. Some of the creatures that live around the vents are shown in detail, and viewers are able to observe how they have adapted to living in complete darkness, toxic water, and temperatures that would kill most other life forms.

The program covers the latest scientific discoveries relating to hydrothermal vents, such as how the vents influence Earth's climate and the surprising role they play in sustaining some of the world's fisheries. The program touches on the ethical concerns and environmental impact that comes with mining minerals from sulphide chimneys lining the ocean floor near hydrothermal vents.

Overall, Volcanoes of the Deep from season 1999 of Horizon is a fascinating exploration of a little-known type of environment, filled with surprises, unique creatures, and scientific discoveries. It provides viewers with a glimpse of the extraordinary and extreme worlds that exist on Earth, whilst also highlighting the importance of protecting these environments.