Ep 3. Into the Tropics

In Guns, Germs, & Steel season 1 episode 3, titled "Into the Tropics," host Jared Diamond continues his exploration of the ways in which geography and climate have shaped human history. This episode focuses on the impact of tropical environments on human societies, and Diamond begins by noting that the majority of the world's population lives in or near the tropics. However, he quickly points out that historically, these regions have been seen as less desirable for human habitation due to factors such as disease, lack of water, and difficult terrain.

To illustrate some of the challenges faced by early tropical societies, Diamond travels to Papua New Guinea and meets with a group of people known as the Kombai. These hunters and gatherers live in isolated communities in the dense jungle, and Diamond observes firsthand how they have adapted to their environment by building treehouses, using vines to climb and swing through the trees, and utilizing hunting techniques that allow them to catch their prey without requiring much physical exertion.

Despite these adaptations, however, tropical environments have historically presented significant challenges to the development of complex societies. As Diamond notes, the spread of disease was often a major factor in preventing the growth of large, concentrated populations in the tropics. He cites the example of malaria, which is caused by a parasite transmitted by mosquitoes and is particularly prevalent in tropical regions. As Diamond explains, malaria can be fatal and can also lead to chronic illness and reduced fertility rates, both of which can have major impacts on population growth and development.

Another major challenge associated with tropical environments is the issue of food production. In areas with heavy rainfall and intense sun, soils can become depleted quickly, and agriculture can be difficult to sustain on a large scale. Diamond gives the example of the Yams of New Guinea, a staple crop that requires a great deal of work to cultivate and can easily be destroyed by floods or pests.

Despite these challenges, Diamond argues that tropical societies did develop in certain areas, and he highlights the example of the ancient Maya civilization in Central America. Diamond notes that the Maya were able to sustain a complex society by developing irrigation systems that allowed them to control the flow of water in their tropical environment. He also points out that the Maya developed a written language, sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems, and a rich artistic tradition, all of which indicate a high level of cultural achievement.

Overall, "Into the Tropics" offers an engaging and informative exploration of the challenges and opportunities presented by tropical environments. Through a combination of expert interviews, stunning visuals, and Diamond's insightful narration, viewers will come away with a deeper understanding of the ways in which geography has influenced human history. Whether you are a student of anthropology, history, or environmental studies, this episode is sure to offer valuable insights and inspire further exploration.